Under control conditions, there was no rain. In a Plexiglass cube, the animals had a perch and feeder. Nozzles carried tap water to simulate rain with a vertical downward path, while the rate was estimated every five minutes buy collecting the accumulated water. Body and tail positions changed according to the rain - horizontal positions were maintained during heavy downpours while the birds assumed more vertical positions when the "rain" was either light or moderate.

A real difference was noticed when wing-beats increased during heavy rain. 9% to 57% increases in power output were measured. The need to feed is critical in a small bird that has to feed at least every 24 hours. If it can't feed in heavy rain, the food supply could be cut off for a longer period.

Survival is the name of the game, and with reproduction also taking place in the mating season, nest building and chick rearing must require vast investment in such extreme capabilities (for flying in the worst imaginable conditions).

Now for studies on the other birds that perform in these conditions and other smaller and larger animals that fly in them. There is a lot to discover and the rewards for biomechanics and ecology could be high.

Anna's hummingbird in "moderate" rain (note the different drop sizes, the researchers were at pains to simulate); Credit: © Victor M. Ortega

Here are the images of the valiant birds during heavy and light rain, with the typical more horizontal attitude plus the other features noted by the authors: "The low stroke amplitudes and higher wing-beat frequencies exhibited by birds during heavy rain may also act to reduce the wing disc area and the overall rate of drop impact on wings."

Anna's hummingbird working hard flying when the rain is falling like stair-rods; Credit: © Victor M. Ortega