But the accident was also different because that oil was pumping out at such great depths - over 5,000 feet below the waves. No previous oil spill has happened so deep, and the consequences for the marine environment are essentially unknown.

The lurking plumes

But a new study, published today on the online version of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is lifting the veil on one of the more poorly understood aspects of the spill - the 20 mile-long plumes of oil discovered 3,000 feet below. As part of the work, a team of scientists, mainly from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, conducted daring sampling directly from the turbid oil stream erupting from the shattered well - right there on the sea-floor.

One of the major controversies as the Deepwater disaster unfolded, was exactly where all the oil was going. Some of it was reaching the surface, to be skimmed or burnt off, or to wash up on Louisiana's beaches. But the volumes were nowhere near what was thought to be spewing out from the Macondo site at depth. With the discovery of drifting plumes of oil, thousands of feet down, that mystery was partly resolved.

But a worry has been, what will happen to all this oil dissolved beneath the surface. Will it be digested in a frenzy by the petroleum-gobbling bacteria of the Gulf, perhaps helping to create oxygen-poor dead zones? Or will the dissolved petroleum products linger, contaminating the dark, deep waters that much of the small fry, and crustaceans, of the Gulf call home?

'Unorthodox sampling' key

To answer those questions, a team of chemists and oceanographers set to work, rapidly deploying innovative technology on-site - to try snare as much information as they could about the spill, at depth, as the well was still furiously leaking in June. That included the use of a recently developed sub-sea mass spectrometer, hooked up to an underwater vehicle called a Sentry. That fed back information on the presence of hydrocarbons to the team on the surface, as they searched for oil plumes.

Image Caption: This is a graphic explanation of escaped petroleum dispersion 1,000 meters below the sea.

Image Credit: EPFL

This was rigged to a deep-sea robot known as an ROV (remotely operated vehicle), which was then used to collect the two samples of oil direct from the flow thundering out of the broken well. Using such a sampling device was essential at those depths and pressures, as team-lead Chris Reddy explained.

'It had to hold pressure - a small bubble of methane at 2200 psi is a very big bubble of methane when you bring it to the surface - so the sampler had to be made out of titanium.' In order to extract the sample, the team had to operate untested equipment, with only a narrow window of opportunity. So the successful retrieval of the samples was a major coup. 'It's a very valuable sample, that many people are interested in seeing,' said Reddy.

The analysis published today will help to set a baseline for how the components of the oil moved their way through the environment - whether as surface oil slick, the tarry deposits still washing up on the beach or in the plumes roiling around the Gulf. The samples taken from plumes further out have helped to lower some of the concerns about the environmental consequences of the spill - whilst opening up others.

'A slap in the face'

Natural seeps of petroleum, from the sea-floor, are ongoing all the time in the Gulf - at some 200,000 gallons per day. But this spill was of a different order of magnitude. Perhaps 2 million gallons per day were leaking from the Macondo well at its height, according to the best recent estimates. Reddy characterized that as 'a slap in the face that lasted for 83 days.'

But the newly published analysis of the plume showed little sign of fervent bio-degradation, or of a major oxygen depletion of the sort that could be a threat to marine life. That may not be the whole picture, though, as much about bacterial degradation remains unknown. 'Microbes are like teenagers - they eat when they want, what they want, and to what extent they want - so it is hard to put a global quantifier on the extent of bio-degradation, beyond a few compounds that have been well studied.'

And if those plumes were not bio-degraded rapidly, then they will likely have persisted for months. That could have unexplored consequences for marine life in the area. Although the concentrations of benzene and similar compounds in the plume was much less than the level need to poison them - at 70 mg/L - they were 'significantly higher than background,' Reddy said. 'We do not know with certainty the adverse effects it might cause on undersea life.'

Top Image Credit: © Isaxar